An integrated market solution to enable active distribution network to provide reactive power ancillary service using transmission–distribution coordination

The active distribution network (ADN) can provide the reactive power ancillary service (RPAS) to improve operations of transmission (such as voltage control and loss reduction) generation grows. In this context, an RPAS market is required motivate ADN since system operator (TSO) (DSO) are different entities. Hence, obtain TSO–DSO coordination in market, study proposes a two-stage framework on basis successive clearing energy markets. Additionally, distributed market-clearing mechanism based alternating direction method multipliers (ADMM) adopted guarantee TSO's DSO's information privacy. Furthermore, binary expansion (BE) used linearise non-convex bilinear terms model. effectiveness proposed validated using two test systems with scales.